15-09-2021

Spoken Sanskrit Lessons Pdf

Viewersinterested in keeping a copy of the lessons for off-line reference may downloadthe lessons on to their systems. Off-line reading will require additional software to view the text in Devanagari. Also, theoff-line versions of the lessons will not allow interactive learning. Thisis not a serious limitation however.

Spoken Sanskrit Lessons Pdf Download
Spoken Sanskrit Lessons Pdf Download

For our friendswho have difficulty accessing the internet, the lessons may be obtained via email. Please see below.

Samskritapriyah offerthe lessons in the following formats

Vocabulary of about 1000 Sanskrit words. Many stories, episodes from Vedic, Sanskrit and Prakrt literature. Many jokes in Sanskrit to share and develop by everyone. In these Ten lessons of Foundation spoken Sanskrit Course, WHAT WE DON’T SERIOUSLY TRY 1. Dual numbers- of both nouns and verbs. Second person usages. A 40 lessons course in spoken Sanskrit by the devoted people of Samskrita Bharati and Rashtriya-Samskrita-Samsthanam. Great way to learn Sanskrit through Sanskrit. Just listen and repeat with the students - again and again.

Learn Sanskrit through Self Study. Devanagari Script: Short vowels A i u § ¯ a i u ¤ µ A is pronounced as in cup, bus etc. I is pronounced as in inform, init etc. U is pronounced as in look, book etc. § has no direct equivalent and is pronounced somewhere in between ri and ru, like crystal. ¯ is also like §.

1. HTML format

This format is very convenient for off-line viewing using a standardweb browser such as Netscape 4.5 or Internet Explorer 4.X or higher. Viewingthe lessons in HTML requires that appropriate fonts for Devanagari and Roman diacritics beinstalled in the systems. The fonts have been made available at this siteIITM Fontsand so this should not pose a problem. Please download the iitmsans and iitmipafonts suited to your system (Windows, Linux or Mac). However, installingfonts on systems may not always be a smooth affair and so viewers are requestedto familiarize themselves with the fonts installation process appropriateto their systems. Each lesson is available as one file with all the subsectionsput together.

Viewers mayalso be interested in preparing text in Devanagari. The multilingual editoris ideally suited for this purpose. A copy of the editor is available for free download from this site. When you install the editor, the relevant fontswill be available for offline reading of the lessons.

2. LLF format

This format is the native file format used by all the applicationsdeveloped as part of the IITM Software project. The Multilingual editor orviewer may be used to view the lessons on Windows machines .
As of now,Linux and MacIntosh users will have use the html or the pdf formats.
The Multilingualeditor software will have to be installed on Windows Systems. Please read through the pages on downloading and installing the IITM Editor. In this format, each lessonis presented as a single zip file containing the llf files for that lesson.Please download the zip file and unzip the same to get the .llf files ineach lesson.

3. PDF format

Thisformat is sufficiently universal and the Acrobat Reader on a system willbe adequate to view the lessons off-line. There are a few shortcomingswith this format of the lessons with respect to the presentation. The lessonsare presented in one single file for each lesson and so the convenience of the presentation as in these pages will be lost. However, this format offers the flexibility to view the lessons on almost all computers including the Macintosh. There is not need to install any fonts for Devanagari. The document embeds the font and so the lessons can be viewed easily.

Spoken Sanskrit Lessons Pdf Download

Receiving Lessons via email

Samskritapriyahwill be pleased to provide these lessons via email in any of the three formats. Kindly send in a request to us at the address given in contact Acharya page, expressing your desire to receive the lessons by email. The lessons will besent as attachments and will require the multilingual editor for viewing thetext in the .llf format. Please note that different browsers may render htmltext differently. Internet Explorer 5 does not render the upper Ascii glyphsbut Netscape versions will handle the same correctly.

The above information relating to viewing LLF files is quite obsolete now in 2020! The IITM editor is known to work with Windows7/8/10 systems.

When you send in a request, please indicate the formatin which you would like to receive the lessons. Samskritapriyah request that only those who do not have direct access to the internet ask for the lessons via email.

Nouns and Gender

Every noun in Sanskrit has 24 different forms, each of which indicates a combination of a case and number. Excluding the dual number forms, the remaining 16 forms of the word देव are given on Page 51 along with their meanings. The convention used on this website to indicate the case and number corresponding to one form of a noun is 'CASE/NUMBER', e.g. देवः is 1/1, देवान् is 2/+ (the plural number is indicated by a +).

TIP: The 1/+ and 8/+ forms and 4/+ and 5/+ forms of देव are identical. Therefore its case must be determined by the context of the word in a sentence. Usually this is quite simple to do. For example, 1/+ is much more common than 8/+ because almost every sentence needs a subject. The vocative 8/+ form will be found only rarely in the context of a dialogue.

The forms of देव serve as a template for every masculine noun in Sanskrit that ends in -अ. Hence just as the 5/1 form of देव is देवात्, for वृक्ष it is वृक्षात्, for तापस it is तापसात्, and so on. All masculine nouns that end in -अ are said to decline like देव.
Every noun in Sanskrit has a gender. There are 3 genders in Sanskrit: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Although the genders of some nouns correspond to their physical gender (e.g. पुरुष = 'man' is masculine, स्त्री = 'woman' is feminine), the gender of most nouns is arbitrary. The gender of a noun must be looked up in a dictionary. In this book, the gender of a noun is indicated in the vocabulary lists following each exercise, as well as in the lexicon at the back of the book, with the letters m., f., and n.
The noun फल is neuter. It declines exactly the same as देव, except for the First, Second and Eighth case. Its singular and plural forms for both First and Second case are फलम् and फलानि. The forms of फल serve as a template for every neuter noun in Sanskrit that ends in -अ.

TIP: Since the First and Second case forms for neuter nouns are exactly the same, it can be difficult to decide whether a neuter noun in a sentence is in First or Second case. Assume it is in First case unless you can connect it to a specific verb as its object. If both the subject and object of a verb are neuter, only context can tell which is in First case and which is in Second case.

Adjectives do not have fixed gender. An adjective must 'agree' with the noun it describes in gender, case, and number. This means that the gender, case, and number of the adjective will be the same as the noun it describes.

Principles of Translation

The following principles can be used to help translate basic sentences. These principles will be modified as new grammatical topics are introduced.

Determine the case and number of each noun
Place the noun in First case before the verb in English, and the noun in Second case after the verb
Place all other nouns at the end of the sentence along with the preposition appropriate for their case
Place adjectives as well as nouns in Sixth case together with the noun they describe.
Translate all the words into their English meanings

For example, a Sanskrit sentence can consist of any arbitrary nouns A, B, C, and D in the following cases: A

(1/+) B (7/1) C (4/1) D (2/1) VERB. The structure of this sentence in English would be: As VERBD

Spoken Sanskrit Lessons Pdf Download

in B for C. You can try using this method to translate sentence #2 on Page 55.

NOTE: All the verbs in the vocabulary lists in this lesson end in -ति. If the subject of the sentence is plural, the ending will be changed to -न्ति. This will be explained further in Lesson 2.

Sentence #4 of Page 55 includes an adjective: कृष्णाः (1/+) अश्वाः (1/+) क्षेत्रे (7/1) धावन्ति (VERB). The structure of this sentence in English would be: कृष्ण अश्वs धावन्ति in क्षेत्रे.
A word in Sixth case is always connected to another noun (almost always the noun that immediately follows it in Sanskrit). It can be translated with the preposition 'of' or with an apostrophe and the letter 's'. For example A (6/1) B can be translated as 'B of A' or 'A's B'. Sentence #5 on Page 55 is: नरेश्वरस्य (6/1) सूतः (1/1) रथं (2/1) आरोहति. The structure of this sentence in English would be: सूत of नरेश्वर आरोहति रथ or नरेश्वर's सूत आरोहति रथ. Note that the word in Sixth case, like an adjective, must always translated together with the noun it is connected to.

NOTE: In sentence #1 on Page 55, the word स्वर्गं is in Second case not as the object of the verb, but as its destination. Like this, additional uses of each case will be introduced in the coming lessons.

Indeclinable Words

There are many words in Sanskrit that do not have multiple forms like nouns and verbs do. Such words are called 'indeclinable'. The majority of indeclinable words are either adverbs, conjunctions ('and', 'but', etc.) or particles such as the negative particle 'न' or particles used for emphasis like 'एव'.
The negative particle 'न' usually negates the word immediately following it. For example, in sentence #3 on Page 55, it negates the verb 'विन्दति', which should then be translated 'does not find'.
Some adverbial indeclinable words look like nouns and therefore it is necessary to look the words up to determine whether they are nouns or indeclinable words. For example, शनैः (meaning 'slowly') is an indeclinable that looks like a noun in 3/+.

Sandhi

Sandhi is a unique and significant feature of Sanskrit. It is the euphonic changes that occur when certain letters come together, either between words or within them. Two examples are introduced here, and more sandhi rules will be taught systematically in later lessons.
One example is the letter न् becoming ण् after certain letters. It is this change that results in the 3/1 and 6/+ of words like शूर being शुरेण (not शूरेन) and शूराणाम् (not शूरानाम्). It is not necessary to know the exact rule, but only to treat न् and ण् as equivalent in noun endings.
Another example is the letter म् becoming anusvāra (the dot ' ं ' above the previous letter) when followed by a consonant. This anusvāra should be pronounced like the nasal letter that has the same articular surface (guttaral, palatal, etc.) at the following consonant, e.g. anusvāra before त् is pronounced as न्. To simplify things, every म् at the end of a word will be written as anusvāra in this book, whether a consonant follows or not.